Which provides evidence of what students learned, usually connected to standards and competencies?

• A. Process data
• B. Results data
• C. Qualitative data
• D. Perception data

Answer: (D)

Evidence of what students learned, usually connected to standards and competencies, comes from results data. This type of data captures actual learning outcomes—scores on tests, performance tasks, and rubric-based evaluations—that demonstrate what students can do and to what level. Results data directly shows whether learners have achieved the targeted competencies and standards. In contrast, process data tracks how learning happened (like time spent or participation) and doesn’t by itself prove mastery. Qualitative data offers descriptive insights about learning experiences but isn’t a standardized measure of competency. Perception data reflects beliefs about learning rather than concrete evidence of learning outcomes. So, results data provides the clearest link to what students have learned and how it aligns with the standards.