Which of the following measures the results of an intervention?

• A. Outcome evaluation
• B. Formative evaluation
• C. Needs assessment
• D. Implementation evaluations

Answer: (A)

Measuring the results of an intervention focuses on the end effects and whether the program achieved its aims. This is what outcome evaluation does: it looks at changes in participants or systems that occurred because of the intervention, using predefined indicators tied to the program’s goals and often comparing to baselines or comparison groups.

The other types serve different purposes. Formative evaluation is used during development to improve the design and planning of the program. Needs assessment identifies gaps or problems to address before starting. Implementation evaluation examines how well the program was delivered—its fidelity, reach, and activities—rather than the ultimate outcomes.